For International Arbitration Proceedings This article highlights key valuation issues that are debated during arbitrations, which we have faced on numerous occasions. Some of the most important ones that come up during the quantification of economic damages in international arbitration are biases in financial projections, questions about discount rate, and some secondary concerns. Introduction Economic damages are seen as the Holy Grail of any international arbitration. The amount of compensation for financial losses is the ultimate goal of the claimant, who seeks to be compensated for the damage suffered, but that amount is also the main concern for the respondent,…
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Ethical AI Parameters for Valuation Professionals In the world of valuation, particularly at the intersection of professional judgement and AI, this 21st article of the Unimpeachable Neutrality Series begs the question now facing us: what kind of AI guardrails should exist? And how do we keep them from becoming runaway lanes, or worse, launchpads, into unintended consequences? There is something charming about a good guardrail. Whether you are navigating the hairpin curves of a West Virginia backroad or the shifting terrain of emerging technologies, there is comfort in knowing you will not plummet into the ravine of professional ruin, so…
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Increased Misuse and Sophistication of AI to Commit Digital Fraud The level of sophistication used by fraudsters continues to increase. Fraudsters are using voice recognition and voice swapping, as well as other generative AI tools that continue to evolve. It is critical to constantly reassess internal controls and understand how AI is used and misused. In this article, the author shares some of the schemes used and issues a challenge to entities as well as to accounting and fraud examiners. At this point, the idea of artificial intelligence (AI) generating content is nothing new. You have likely seen plenty of…
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For Preventing Fraud and Driving Business Growth The importance of strong internal controls cannot be overstated. They form the foundation for financial integrity, operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and, ultimately, long-term business success. This article explores how strong internal controls not only safeguard against fraud but also serve as a catalyst for business growth and sustainability. In today’s fast-paced and evolving business environment, the importance of strong internal controls cannot be overstated. Most business owners and managers associate internal controls with fraud prevention and detection. However, effective internal controls serve a much broader purpose. They form the foundation for financial integrity,…
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From a Forensic Expert’s Perspective The authors share personal stories regarding the challenges they have faced in cases that involve people with diagnosed and undiagnosed narcissists disorders. Men and women with this disorder are especially challenging and the authors share what they have learned to mitigate the damage a person with this disorder may have in a case. My (Michele’s) path into the world of divorce finance did not begin with spreadsheets, balance sheets, or courtrooms—it began with my own personal experience. Like many others in this field, my journey was shaped by real-world challenges, which gave me the passion…
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A Review of the U.S. Supreme Court’s Pfeifer Decision For those interested in working in the personal damages area, a review of the U.S. Supreme Courts’ Pfeifer decision is essential. It provides a great outline as to what the courts expect from an expert’s work. This article reviews the Pfeifer decision and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals’ Culver II decision, which expands on the definitions for discounting methods approved by the U.S. Supreme Court. The field of litigation support provides a wide range of options for accounting and financial experts to work. Opportunities abound for work in the…
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Court Dismisses Accounting Expert’s Testimony in Packaging Lawsuit Daubert motions are commonly raised to exclude experts. In this article, the author underscores the importance of questioning a client’s representations and documenting the basis for damages calculations. The failure to do so exposes the expert to challenges on the basis that the opinion is flawed because it is based on speculation and questionable assumptions. Bon Appetit Danish and Bon Appetit Specialty Snacks, renowned for their baked goods across Los Angeles and beyond, sought to streamline their packaging process through automation. The goal was to modernize the wrapping of items like donuts,…
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Trust but Authenticate This 20th article in the Unimpeachable Neutrality series explores why and how valuation and forensic accounting experts may need to evolve toward a new standard: unimpeachable certainty. Neutrality, once the highest standard of expert credibility, must now be supplemented with verifiable authentication practices to ensure that expert conclusions are not built upon fabricated realities. Neutrality without authentication has become not a virtue, but a risk; a structural weakness that can be exploited. This evolution marks a pivotal moment for our profession. Those who remain static, clinging to an outdated conception of unimpeachability, will find themselves undermined not…
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(With the Help of ChatGPT) In this article, the author provides three versions of a data retention policy that appears compliant with GDPR or NIST. After taking NACVA’s cybersecurity course, a student reached out to me asking for a Data Retention Policy template that would be compliant with the statutes and frameworks discussed in the course, such as the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework or the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). I thought this may be a good question for large language models because the subject matter is old enough that there is a sufficiently…
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Inside the Expert Battle Over Kroger’s Pharmacy Discounts What does “usual and customary price” mean? How does a plaintiff challenge such a broad assertion in a class action? What will a defendant assert to discredit a plaintiff’s expert? This article discusses the Daubert motion brought forth in Kirkbride v. The Kroger Co. and provides notice to how a challenge may unfold in other class action suits that have a similar underlying claim(s). In a closely watched ruling, a federal court allowed expert testimony to proceed against Kroger over claims it concealed lower prescription prices. At the center of it is…
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Forecasting Errors One of the common pitfalls in applying the income approach is committing forecasting errors. To understand the impact of this error, this article discusses the importance of the income approach in business valuations and areas that require careful evaluation. One of the common pitfalls in applying the income approach is committing forecasting errors. To understand the impact of this error, let us first discuss the importance of the income approach in business valuations. Unlike the asset-based approaches, which primarily focus on the value of a company’s tangible assets, the income approach considers the earning potential of the business.…
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What is an Injured Party Worth? The Forensic and Valuation Services division of the AICPA and CIMA issued a Practice Aid in 2020 on Measuring Damages Involving Individuals. This Practice Aid supersedes AICPA Forensic and Valuation Services Practice Aid 98-2, Calculation of Damages from Personal Injury, Wrongful Death, and Employment Discrimination. This NACVA QuickRead article provides a summary of the updated Practice Aid. Introduction The Forensic and Valuation Services division of the AICPA and CIMA issued a Practice Aid in 2020 on Measuring Damages Involving Individuals. This Practice Aid supersedes AICPA Forensic and Valuation Services Practice Aid 98-2, Calculation of…
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Is AI the Death of Professional Judgment or its Reincarnation Only with careful oversight and the application of seasoned professional judgment can AI deliver results that are not only accurate but also defensible and unimpeachably neutral. This article in the Unimpeachable Neutrality Series explores the indispensable role of professional judgment, particularly as it intertwines with the capabilities of AI. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought a seismic shift to the field of valuation and forensic accounting. Data that once required weeks of meticulous analysis can now be processed in mere minutes. While AI’s outputs relative to financial modelling…
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What are a Self-Employed Person’s Earnings? What are Their Profits? This article will discuss some of the unique factors relating to assessing lost profits for self-employed operated businesses. As examples, two extremes will be discussed. These extremes provide virtual bookends when assessing a claim of lost profits by a self-employed person. The first addresses a self-employed person who reports his/her income through a Schedule C, Sole Proprietor. The second addresses self-employed individuals that own and operate a subchapter S corporation and file an 1120S for that business. Financial experts will often be asked to estimate the lost earnings or lost…
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Are You Prepared for the Outcome? What can parties in a litigation case do when the experts come to differing opinions of value? The authors share ways that parties and counsel can reconcile the differences or at least reduce the value gap. It sounds great—if the valuation experts can resolve their differences, a trial might be avoided, saving time and money. This strategy is not without peril, and clients may even find themselves unexpectedly bound by an agreement or terms they did not expect. This article covers what ensues when opposing legal counsels agree for the experts to meet, including…
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Speaking from Experience Mediation aims for parties to mutually resolve their dispute. Unlike litigation and arbitration, there is no trier of fact that determines the conclusion of a dispute. Instead, the mediator, a neutral third party, tries to help all parties meet at an amicable middle ground, which can be done through creative means of communication, collaboration and problem solving. The author shares his experience serving as a financial mediator. Mediation aims for parties to mutually resolve their dispute. Unlike litigation and arbitration, there is no trier of fact that determines the conclusion of a dispute. Instead, the mediator, a…
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When to Use in Litigation Assignments In a recent engagement, the author was asked to prepare a lost business analysis for an operating business. In this article, the author discusses when a lost profits vis-à-vis a lost business analysis is best suited. Recently, I received a call from a new client. That is, I spoke with an attorney with whom I had worked in the past. He wanted to hire me to assess damages in a commercial damages case. The business had been injured by an alleged wrongful act. It was still operating and did not appear to be closing…
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The Court Assess Substantive and Procedural Advanced to Disqualify Expert Witness This article provides an in-depth review of a recent infringement, unfair competition and cybersquatting where Plaintiff sought disgorgement of profits. The case highlights procedural and substantive arguments advanced during litigation and basis the Court used to partly disqualify the testimony of defendant’s expert witness. It also serves as a caution and learning opportunity for current and prospective financial damages expert witnesses. Plaintiff, Mission1st Group, Inc. (“M1G”), owns the federally registered trademark MISSION1st in connection with business advisory, information, technology, telecommunications, engineering support, and risk mitigation services. Plaintiff provides these…
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Effective Use of AI in Complex Investigations Investigators need better ways to sift through vast quantities of data to find the information at the heart of the matter. This article examines a more efficient approach to complex investigations with Generative AI. The information in this article is intended to assist in determining the effectiveness of using GenAI in fraud and other complex investigations. Introduction Complex investigations are on the rise with investigators being asked to do more with less, therefore needing to gain efficiency to handle workloads. A complex investigation can be triggered by a litigation event, government agency mandate,…
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The Role of the Expert in 21st Century Dispute Resolution Almost five years ago, the author penned an article published in NACVA’s QuickRead April 14, 2022. In that article, he described what was his perspective as a “recovering judge” of the role of the “expert” in the 21st century profession of dispute resolution. In this article, the author revisits, and in some cases revises, the observations and predictions set forth in the earlier article. Introduction Almost five years ago, I penned an article similarly titled, which was published in NACVA’s QuickRead April 14, 2022. In that article, I described what,…