Key Takeaways: Use all three valuation approaches and thoroughly document assumptions for defensible conclusions. Normalize earnings with documented, market-based adjustments before applying valuation methods. Carefully support discount rates and terminal value assumptions because they drive most valuation conclusions. Every accountant, attorney, or advisor guiding a privately held business owner eventually runs into the same question: “What is the business really worth?” The word “really” suggests a bit of skepticism and proposes the need for a framework. This series dissects that structure; the anatomy of a valuation that the opposing side of the table will respect rather than tear apart. Part…
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Key Takeaways: Multidisciplinary valuations need a defined framework, not casual collaboration between disciplines. Type II problems (partnerships, fractional/tokenized interests) can be solved via comprehensive checklists. Family partnership valuations are a growing, lucrative niche amid generational conflict. Multidisciplinary valuation can be highly rewarding but can also be quite mysterious. Regardless, the public needs cross disciplinary work and does not care whether a problem belongs in business valuation or real property appraisal, for example. They simply want a conclusion that is well supported and defensible. The author shares the benefits and risks providing multidisciplinary valuations. Multidisciplinary valuation is one of the most…
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Generic AI drafts fail because they pull from broad, impersonal sources resulting in textbook-like output with wrong tone, structure, and terminology. The solution is not better AI, but better training; teach it your firm’s own voice using your past work. If you have experimented with AI for report writing, you have probably hit the same wall most valuation professionals hit: the output is competent but generic. It reads like a textbook wrote it. The section order is not yours, the terminology is slightly off, the tone is wrong for your clients, and by the time you have rewritten it to…
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The strongest valuation conclusions are not simply precise, they are resilient and able to withstand challenge because they connect analytical rigor with evidentiary discipline. Value is not produced by a spreadsheet alone; it is produced by economic reality, supported by credible information, and interpreted through professional judgment. In this article, the author shares a four-part framework to assess financial statements and underscores importance and value that professionals bring when they are able to pivot between valuation and forensic practices, recognize and assess potential red flags, and determine if the value story is credible. In business valuation, numbers often arrive wearing…
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Sports valuation does not require abandoning established valuation principles. However, sports assets often combine complex commercial operations, unique intangible assets with no cash flows, regulatory constraints that may differ across jurisdictions, leagues, and sports, and accepted highly uncertain future outcomes, less common in traditional industries. As a result, the challenge for practitioners is properly defining the valuation problem before attempting to solve it. In this article, the author shares the complexities arising in this market. Why Sports Valuation Matters for Valuation Practitioners Over the past decade, the sports industry has evolved from a specialist, niche sector into an increasingly active…
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This 27th article of the Unimpeachable Neutrality Series offers a conveniently alliterative detour en route to providing unimpeachably neutral and effective expert services. You raise your right hand and swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Your hand has a slight shake to it, which is the coffee talking rather than the anxiety of the moment. Direct examination goes the way direct examination should: your counsel walks you through the report you wrote, the schedules appear on the screen in the order you built them, you teach the jury the difference between revenue and…
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The Brundle v. Wilmington Trust N.A. case has generated numerous summaries, debates, and digests. In this article, the author reflects on lessons that can be taken from the case. This came to her attention during an internal discussion of litigated ESOP cases and piqued her interest. The Brundle v. Wilmington Trust N.A. (919 F.3d 763, 4th Circuit 2019) case has generated numerous summaries, debates, and digests. It came to my attention during an internal discussion of litigated ESOP cases and piqued my interest. As I read the full text of the case, I was surprised by the numbers of “epic…
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In May 2026, the CMS announced a six-month, nationwide moratorium on new Medicare enrollment for HHAs and hospice providers. It is the third nationwide Medicare enrollment moratorium imposed by the current administration and the second in 2026. This article examines the scope and legal mechanics of the moratorium, its implications for healthcare transactions, and the industry reaction to the action. On May 13, 2026, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced a six-month, nationwide moratorium on new Medicare enrollment for home health agencies (HHAs) and hospice providers, effective immediately.[1] The moratorium, implemented in coordination with Vice President JD…
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This is the second of a two-part article comparing the roles of the auditor and the forensic accountant, specifically their differing objectives, responsibilities, professional standards, and engagement terms. In this article, the author discusses gathering evidence, potential audit procedures, and reporting. Introduction In the first article, discussing the differences between an audit and a forensic investigation, the objectives, responsibilities, professional standards, engagement, risk assessment, the concept of materiality, and building the right team were compared. In this article, the differences in the gathering of evidence and in reporting responsibilities for forensic accountants and auditors are examined. The auditor and forensic…
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This article provides a practical, standards‑aligned framework for using AI responsibly in valuation report writing. The goal is not to discourage the use of AI, but to help analysts integrate it in ways that strengthen—rather than weaken—the credibility of their work. In a relatively short time, the world has moved from digital transformation to the next major shift: artificial intelligence (AI). Courses on how to use AI effectively are everywhere, and businesses across industries are scrambling to understand how to integrate it. Some sectors—publishing among them—have been slower to embrace AI, raising legitimate questions about creativity, authorship, and the impact…
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In a complex transaction, closing the deal is only part of the challenge. Boards, special committees, executives, and counsel also need confidence that the process is sound, the economics are supportable, and the decision can withstand scrutiny after closing. The author shares when to get a fairness or solvency opinion. In a complex transaction, closing the deal is only part of the challenge. Boards, special committees, executives, and counsel also need confidence that the process is sound, the economics are supportable, and the decision can withstand scrutiny after closing. That is where fairness and solvency opinions can help. Although they…
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On April 23, 2026, the U.S. Department of HHS OIG updated its General Questions Regarding Certain Fraud and Abuse Authorities FAQ page. The update revised one existing FAQ and added another. This article discusses the OIG’s updated guidance and its implications for parties that rely on FMV opinions in structuring healthcare arrangements. On April 23, 2026, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) updated its General Questions Regarding Certain Fraud and Abuse Authorities Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page for the first time since July 2024.[1] The update revised one existing FAQ and added…
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Published in 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, the third edition provides a practical and methodical discussion of economic concepts, analytical frameworks, and litigation issues commonly encountered in damages analysis. Measuring Business Interruption Losses and Other Commercial Damages: An Economic Approach by Patrick A. Gaughan is a valuable technical reference for professionals involved in business interruption and commercial damages engagements. Business interruption damages engagements often require forensic accountants and litigation experts to evaluate “but-for” financial outcomes under uncertain circumstances. These counterfactual analyses involve projecting what a business would have earned absent a loss event and comparing those expected results to…
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The recent U.S. Tax Court case, Estate of Kurt A. Amplatz, Security Bank & Trust Company v. Commissioner, offers QuickRead readers an opportunity to better understand what happens when the Service selects an estate’s 706 for audit, procedural issues that arise when motions for summary judgment are filed, and why penalty assessments under section 6662 are virtually always a triable issue. The ruling is cited extensively in the article because it provides those not familiar with a detailed roadmap of the Service’s statutory obligations and what is ultimately a triable issue. The recent U.S. Tax Court case, Estate of Kurt…
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Randall v. Widen is a federal court case filed in the Western District of Wisconsin, that involves a redemption. The article focuses on the pre-trial motions involving the admissibility of the experts. In the case, Plaintiff alleged that Defendants failed to disclose material information in connection with the redemption of closely held shares. Arthur C. Clarke once said, “For every expert, there is an equal and opposite expert.” Randall v. Widen, 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142800, 2025 WL 2081193 (W.D. Wis. July 24, 2025) demonstrates that Mr. Clarke knew what he was talking about. As often happens in litigation Background[1]…
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This is the first of two articles comparing the roles of the auditor and the forensic accountant, specifically their differing objectives, responsibilities, professional standards, and engagement terms. This article, which focuses on fraud investigations conducted by forensic accountants, also discusses how each professional approaches risk assessment, the concept of materiality, and building teams. Gathering information and reporting will be examined in the second article. Introduction There is a popular misconception that audits of financial statements are conducted with the primary objective of detecting fraud. Since the collapse of Enron, independent external financial statement auditors have made great strides in communicating…
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The central question is not whether AI can be used in valuation work because it clearly can. Rather, the key question is how it should be used in a way that improves quality without compromising professional judgment, ethical obligations, or defensibility. The author shares his thoughts on the later question. Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly becoming part of the day-to-day workflow in business valuation. What began as a novelty for drafting and summarizing has matured into a practical tool that can assist valuation professionals with research, data organization, financial analysis, visual presentation, and administrative efficiency. The central question is not…
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A well-seasoned and highly educated CPA walked into federal court to present a lost profits analysis. He walked out of the courthouse completely excluded from testifying. This article recounts why he was excluded and lists a number of lessons one can glean from the case because having one or more credentials will not save one from exclusion. A CPA with more than 25 years of experience walked into federal court to present a lost profits analysis. He held the ABV, ASA, and CFP designations. In addition, he held a master’s degree in taxation and had decades of experience at major…
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Having a good working knowledge of the different methods available for calculating the present value of future lost income in personal injury and wrongful death cases gives an expert an opportunity to demonstrate his or her expertise in the forensic economic field. This article will visit three methods and expand on their similarities and differences. The U.S. Supreme Court, various Federal Circuit Courts of Appeal, and numerous state Supreme Courts have provided decisions highlighting three different methods available for calculating the present value of future lost income in personal injury and wrongful death cases. These methods are discounting using the…
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A recent 5th Circuit Court ruling reaffirms that earning capacity and lost wages are distinct concepts, and that an economist’s experience-based methodology can satisfy reliability standards even without a post-injury earnings comparison. The author discusses the case. A recent 5th Circuit Court ruling reaffirms that earning capacity and lost wages are distinct concepts, and that an economist’s experience-based methodology can satisfy reliability standards even without a post-injury earnings comparison. Forensic economists who calculate damages in personal-injury matters routinely confront a recurring defense playbook: attack the expert’s assumptions, demand a side-by-side comparison of pre- and post-injury earnings, and argue that anything…