Personal Damages Calculations and Exposure to COVID-19 Financial experts who, in the past, have been reluctant to take on personal injury economic damages as part of their practice should reconsider that decision today. Not only is the field growing and on the verge of a potentially huge boom driven by the COVID-19 crisis, there are plenty of resources to help you quickly get up to speed performing these types of damages analysis. This article presents three reasons for valuation practitioners to consider adding personal injury, wrongful death, and wrongful termination damages calculations to their practice, and an introduction to resources…
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In a SPAC Merger Transaction The fair value of equity consideration issued in a merger involving a public company is generally calculated as the product of the quoted price for the individual equity instrument times the quantity issued (commonly referred to a “P times Q”). However, if the merger involves a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), determining “P” can be subjective and may result in different interpretations of U.S. GAAP fair value between the valuation specialist and the parties involved in the deal. Introduction The fair value of equity consideration issued in a merger involving a public company is generally…
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Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic Business leaders, tax practitioners, and attorneys are considering how to address the serious challenges that may arise from disruptions in commercial activities due to business closures, travel restrictions, and stay-at-home orders that were put in place in many countries around the world in order to reduce the spread of COVID-19. This is also impacting transfer pricing systems, which is the focus of this article. Among the multitude of questions that business professionals will have to deal with will be how to manage losses attributable to these extraordinary events within their intercompany transfer pricing systems. Business…
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and “Voodoo” Economic Forecasts? One of the issues facing the business valuation community as well as business owners is the newly created accounting metric called “EBITDAC”, which stands for Earnings Before Interests, Taxes, Depreciation, Amortization, and Coronavirus. This is a non-GAAP accounting metric used by some companies today to raise more debts from lending institutions by adjusting or recasting their financial statements to account for lost earnings incurred due to the coronavirus. The author asks what coronavirus add-backs are defensible under this new normal? One of the issues facing the business valuation community as well as business owners is the…
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Here’s How to Land Them What is an aspirational client? How can valuation professionals find and engage them? In this article, Rod Burkert shares his insight and experience finding aspirational clients. Aspirational clients. Who are they? What steps does it take to land them? Why are they important to our practice growth? When we started our practices, we were happy with the clients we got because we needed the cash flow to pay the bills. Being picky was not a luxury we could initially afford. But as time marched on, has your client base remained a hodge-podge or has it…
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Marketing During COVID-19 and Beyond Over the past few months, COVID-19 has become a household word, and shelter-in-place orders have rocked the business world. Small wonder that the concept of virtual marketing and business development has jumped to center stage. Nearly overnight, thousands of professional services firms have begun scrambling to figure out how to replace the only marketing approach they have ever known: old-school, in-person networking and referrals. In this post, the author describes some lessons learned by Hinge Marketing to help readers gauge where their firm is currently. The author also describes some approaches that are already working…
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The Court Opens to Tax-Affecting In Estate of Jones, the court addressed the tax affecting issue along with several other issues discussed in the valuation world today, including the proper approach for valuing an operating timber business (income vs. asset-based), the reliability of management projections, and the appropriate discount for lack of marketability. For the first time in 20 years, a valuation expert who tax-affected the earnings of a pass-through entity has had a receptive audience in the Tax Court. This article summarizes this controversy and highlights the valuation issues. In Estate of Jones,[1] the court addressed the tax affecting…
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Forensic engagements that involve determining lost profits or other economic damages often require a “time series” of economic and market data. When the lost profits or other economic damages engagement involves comparing international companies, multi-country economic data, and international market data, the challenges in locating meaningful data become especially difficult. In this article, the authors share how a time series analysis was used in an engagement, resulting from a breach of a franchise in a European Union (EU) country. To perform the time series analysis, the authors needed to gather multi-country economic data to determine the alleged lost profits and/or…
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Procedures and Bankruptcy Code Changes for CPAs and Consultants A business or individual facing financial distress can utilize three types of federal bankruptcies to attempt to resolve their financial difficulties. This article provides an overview of the differences and when each would be used. Keep in mind that bankruptcy is a legal proceeding and must be handled by an attorney. However, business and financial advisors need to have a good understanding of the process, when a bankruptcy is necessary, and which type is most applicable. Advisors need to be able to take a dispassionate view and assist in advising a…
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Their Potential Impact on Valuing a Construction Contractor Construction claims may impact the value of a construction company. In this article, the author discusses the issues that arise and the methodologies that may impact the valuation. A construction claim is a demand made by the contractor to the owner for additional revenue for construction work performed on a construction project which is beyond the terms of the contract. Simply stated, a construction claim is a change order that has not been settled or negotiated between the owner and contractor. If the construction claim cannot be settled or negotiated, then most…
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For When a Client Wants to Sell Their Business The authors in this article share a checklist developed and provided to firm clients contemplating a sell of their business. Following are the steps involved when a client wants to sell their business. Buyers can also use this list as a timeline and road map of the steps that are expected to occur and what is expected of them. ❏ Be sure client wants to sell ❏ Be doubly sure client wants to sell. Them saying it does not make it so. Many prospective sellers start the process but do not…
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Repurchase Obligation Liability There are certain valuation aspects that are unique to employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) sponsor company valuation engagements. The ESOP repurchase obligation is one of those aspects. There is a diversity of practice in the valuation profession as to how to treat the repurchase obligation for sponsor company valuations performed for ESOP administration purposes. There are several alternatives that may be appropriate depending on the facts and circumstances of the assignment, and the analyst’s interpretation of the fair market value standard of value for ESOP administration engagements. This discussion provides a hypothetical ESOP sponsor company valuation to…
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Seven Things You Can Do When You Have Nothing To Do You were humming along nicely … until the shelter-in-place orders hit. All cylinders were firing. You were busy! And now you are not … or not as. What do you do with the (hopefully temporary) lull? Panic? Or use the opportunity to systematically find more work? You were humming along nicely … until the shelter-in-place orders hit. All cylinders were firing. You were busy! And now you are not … or not as. What do you do with the (hopefully temporary) lull? Panic? Or use the opportunity to systematically…
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Target Market Research Why do some professional services firms grow faster than others? The 2020 High Growth Study provides insights on this topic—and on the impact of doing original research about one’s target audience. The author in this article shares the value of target marketing. Why do some professional services firms grow faster than others? The 2020 High Growth Study provides insights on this topic—and on the impact of doing original research about one’s target audience. The data is compelling. Simply put, firms that conduct frequent research on their target audiences grow faster. As shown in Figure 1, doing even…
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A Leverage ESOP versus a Non-Leverage ESOP An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is a qualified retirement plan that allows employees to hold equity in the sponsor company that employs them. There are various strategies that may be considered when the sponsor company forms an ESOP. One important structural decision regarding the ESOP formation is whether the ESOP will be leveraged or non-leveraged. This discussion compares the leveraged ESOP structure and the non-leveraged ESOP structure. Introduction There is a reason for the phrase, “no two ESOPs are alike.” An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) can be structured to meet a…
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Skillsets Needed to Excel as an Expert During Cross-Examination For those financial experts awaiting their first opportunity to testify, as well as for those not certain of their skillsets, the author shares his tips on how to be impressive on the witness stand. As an attorney-CPA credentialed in business valuation, I have had the opportunity both to be the “expert” sitting in the witness chair and to be the lawyer doing the cross-examination. I have also had the advantage of being buyer or seller counsel on many “real world” transactions. It is certainly more enjoyable to be the person asking…
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Reflections on the Ninth Circuit’s Decision in Amazon.com, Inc. v. Commissioner What is included when valuing intangibles assets for transfer pricing purposes? This is an issue that was addressed once by the U.S. Tax Court and more recently, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In a unanimous decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (issued on August 16, 2019) the court of appeals affirmed the decision of the U.S. Tax Court in Amazon.com, Inc. v. Commissioner, 148 T.C. 108 (March 23, 2017). The court held that intangible assets under the U.S. transfer pricing regulations, under Section…
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Miscalculations and Entitlement Traps? What exactly is a “Legacy Payment”? Legacy Payments are those payments made to the prior generation when the next generation buys a family business. These payments include the debt service, principal and interest, on the purchase of the family business and possibly the real estate too; in addition, there are other types of Legacy Payments that can add weight to the total payments expected by the exiting family members. In this article, the author discusses what could go wrong and how legacy payments and an entitlement mindset can lead to the demise of the business. Ok,…
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Are You Discounting or Negotiating? Are you discounting your project price? Negotiating the project’s price? Are these acceptable in the current economic environment? Here, Rod Burkert answers these questions. The times are certainly a bit crazy. And we are all doing what we can to pivot and survive. But discounting your pricing doesn’t have to be one of the tactics you pursue. You can already guess that discounting and negotiating are not the same things—though I am telling you that one-way negotiating (and we do a lot of that) is discounting. Discounting is definitely a problem … negotiating, less so…
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Thinking Through the Valuation Implications of COVID-19 As business valuation professionals, we are required to project the economic future of a business. In the past, valuation professionals used many sources of information to reduce the uncertainties inherent in valuation, key among them: 1) past performance, 2) industry reports, 3) company and/or stock sale data, and 4) cost of capital data. Now, valuation professionals are suddenly faced with these resources having lost much of their predictive value and reports are due. Throwing up one’s hands is not an option. Since very few valuation professionals have the prognostic abilities of Nostradamus, the…