Galiotos v. Galiotos—The Tale of a Sibling Feud This legal update provides a summary of how the trial and appellate courts addressed a dispute amongst siblings that were co-trustees of trusts holding commercial real estate assets. The case provides valuation and litigation support professionals an opportunity to assess what has happened when an impasse of this nature results in litigation. “If you ever start feeling like you have the goofiest, craziest, most dysfunctional family in the world, all you have to do is go to a state fair. Because five minutes at the fair, you’ll be going, ‘You know, we’re…
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The Consistency of Data and Trends The real estate sector encompasses a variety of activities, limited only by the imagination, including: selling, leasing, management, development, appraisal, title services, and investment. When valuing businesses linked to the real estate market, whether directly or indirectly, it is essential to examine both the risk and the cash flow generating ability of each company. The co-authors of this article share essential aspects appraisers must consider in these valuation engagements. The real estate sector encompasses a variety of activities, limited only by the imagination, including: selling, leasing, management, development, appraisal, title services, and investment. When…
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Targeting Construction and Real Estate Industries It has become commonplace in the real estate and construction industry to make electronic, digital, and wired payments, especially with the very large sums that are often transferred. With paper checks disappearing, cybercriminals are now targeting these industries—victimizing both payors and payees—and causing significant financial tension and reputational harm. As evidenced by a recent FBI bulletin specifically warning the construction industry, fraudsters have become increasingly sophisticated, hacking into e-mail servers, posing as escrow agents or company employees, intercepting wire transfers before the payee or payor even realize it. The author discusses the schemes that…
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A Conceptual Framework to Consider Real Estate Centered Business Enterprises (RECEs) commonly sell as real property going concerns with elements of real estate, personal property and a business enterprise component. Business appraisers face several challenges with these assignments due to the interdependence of the business with the other assets. Another key challenge for business appraisers with these types of assignments is relying on separately completed real estate appraisals that are frequently incorrectly developed based on an inappropriate premise of value. This article provides readers a conceptual framework to valuing these types of businesses. Real Estate Centered Business Enterprises (RECEs) commonly…
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Charitable Contribution Deductions (Part I of II) The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and subsequent tax acts, such as the CARES Act, have complicated charitable giving and estate planning. This two-part article provides an overview of the current state of the law as it concerns both. In this first part, the author focuses on charitable deductions. A charitable contribution deduction is allowable for a contribution actually paid in cash or other property before the close of the tax year (regardless of whether the taxpayer is on the cash or accrual method of accounting) and made for the use…
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The Qualified Opportunity Zone program has the potential to help investors lower their federal capital gains taxes while contributing to the development of areas that need support. Here is a look at several factors to consider, including which gains are eligible for the program and when a 1031 like-kind exchange may be preferable. Want more tips and resources to help with tax reform topics? PFP Section members can use this toolkit filled with in-depth charts, videos and other information. To read the full article in Accounting Today, click: What You Need to Know About the Federal Opportunity Zone Program.
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When Values Collide—Redux Valuing a business that owns real estate presents the business appraiser with a number of conundrums. In this article, the author discusses the concept of a fair investment return and how that may impact the value of the business being sold with the real estate.
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Case Law Update February 2018 In this case law update, we review one U.S. Tax Court case that provides guidance regarding when is a bad debt business loss deductible and whether contributions of money to a business is equity or debt. In addition, we present several Delaware Court cases; one of them, a post-dissolution case where one NACVA member (and another inactive member) testified and the court addressed the S corporation tax affecting and availability of discounts for lack of marketability. The issues raised there are frequently raised in other dissolution actions and the reasoning provided by the court regarding…
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Appraisals from Real Estate, Machinery and Equipment to Business Valuation: Book Review by Michael D. Pakter The purpose of this book review is to introduce the reader to Shannon P. Pratt’s newest book, co-authored with John Lifflander. For those improbable few business valuation professionals who do not know who Dr. Pratt is, he is the Chairman and CEO of Shannon Pratt Business Valuation, Inc. and Publisher Emeritus for Business Valuation Resources LLC.
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Businesses Where Real Estate is Integral to Operations What is the best approach to use to value a business where real estate is indispensable to operations? In this article, Dr. Brous discusses the use of the option to abandon.
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A summary of recent federal and state court cases involving final partner administrative adjustments, mergers, and matrimonial law This month we highlight four cases. The first is Rovakat, a federal appellate court decision where a claimed redemption was deemed a sale of stock. The In re MFW Shareholder Litigation case involves a motion for summary judgment where a majority of the minority shareholders approved a merger transaction; this was deemed a “cleansing device” that led to the dismissal of plaintiff’s leading claim, which involved an allegation of breach of fiduciary duty. In Matter of Central N.Y. Oil & Gas, the…
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In their recently released Beige Book, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System break down the economic performance of the nation within seven business sectors across 12 metropolitan economic districts. Prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the findings are based on all data collected on or before August 26, 2013. Business sectors covered include consumer spending & tourism, nonfinancial services, manufacturing, real estate & construction, banking & finance, agriculture & natural resources and employment, wages & prices. Participating districts include Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and…
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When are “subsequent events” knowable, and what about IRC Sec. 6662(g)(2) penalties? Trout Ranch, LLC v. Commissioner raises additional causes for concern, including subsequent events in appraisal documentation and failures to include them, which may create more valuation penalties on tax filings.
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Case Summaries from the U.S. Court of Federal Claims and the Appeals Courts of the Sixth and Seventh Circuits A corporation lies in applying for federal loan guarantees—and faces treble damages in United States v. Anchor Mortgage. In Naylor v. Invacare, plaintiff’s request for information plays a key role. Find out more.
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Recent Cases Consider: Fair Market Value in Arkansas, Equalization Payments and Healthcare Credits in Iowa, and Valuations Based on Future Cash Flow in Louisiana Judge Wiggins in Iowa rules In re Marriage of McDermott on equalization payments and tax credits for health insurance payments. In Louisiana, Judge Williams finds a valuation in Fancher v. Prudhomme invalid since it was based on assumed cash flow—and a withdrawing member was the source of almost all the company’s business. Instead, current asset value is key. Find out more.
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A Petitioner Relies Reasonably on His CPA in Gaggero v. Commissioner, the Tax Court Finds. That Makes a Difference: Here’s Why. In Gaggero v. Commissioner, Judge Holmes at the U.S. Tax Court disagrees with the IRS’s contention that the plaintiff conducted an improper scheme to avoid capital gains. In First Street Holdings NV, LLC v. MS Mission Holdings, LLC, Judge Markell at the U.S. Bankruptcy Court finds a lower bankruptcy court’s errors to be likely prejudicial.
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Tighter Regulations Leave Less Room for Error When Computing and Disclosing How Much Mortgages Cost. John Adams at American Banker reports that Ernst Publishing, not related to the accounting company, sells technology and closing cost data to mortgage market players. Its clients include nine of the largest ten originators and servicers and the largest five title insurance companies. And it has now received a U.S. patent for its recording fee and tax calculator, called “System and Method for Generating and Tracking Field Values of Mortgage Forms.” Read the whole thing here. More:
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Top State Courts Consider the Value of Goodwill, the Legitimacy of the Income Method of Valuation In State of Texas v. Clear Channel Outdoor, the Texas Court of Appeals considers testimony from an expert regarding the income method of valuation for the billboards; in Walsh v. Walsh, the Court of Appeals of Arizona reassesses the realizable benefits of stock redemption value in a law firm, and determines the net assets of the firm should not be conflated with the husband’s own goodwill based on his reputation and experience.
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Fifth Circuit Disallows 40% Valuation Misjudgment Penalty, OKs 20% Negligence Penalty The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit disallows a 40% valuation misjudgment penalty in Bemont Invs., LLC v. United States, but affirms a Texas Court’s 20% negligence penalty. Judge Goeke at the Tax Court draws distinctions on when charitable deductions are allowable in Dunlap v. Commissioner.
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In Palmerino v. Palmerino, the Massachusetts Court of Appealsconsidered whether a trial court erred in valuing the husband’s grocery store. The trial court’s approach had not included discounts—and went further to state that the income approach is preferable for valuation. Find out what the court decides! In Giaimo v. Vitale, the Supreme Court of New York considers the dissolution of a company called EGA Associates. The case involved the sale of 19 residential buildings in Manhattan, accusations of fraud during discovery hearings on fair value, and the applicability of proposed discounts for marketability and built-in capital gains.