Are Valuation Experts Tax-Affecting the Wrong Earnings?

Important factors to consider in making tax adjustments to pass-through income

Damodaran recently wrote about the potential devaluation of dividend-paying stocks if the preferred dividend tax rate were to climb back up to the ordinary rate.  This could inspire valuation experts to make a tax adjustment reducing untaxed Pass-Through Entity (PTE) income to equate it with corporately taxed income that qualifies for tax preference at the shareholder level.  Before making this tax adjustment, the valuation expert should consider several factors.  

In a candid analysis, NYU professor and noted valuation authority, Aswath Damodaran posted a blog article, “The Dividend ‘Tax Cliff’ Approaches: Implications for Stocks,” about the potential devaluation of dividend-paying stocks if the preferred dividend tax rate were to climb back up to the ordinary rate.

If equities would be devalued due to an increase in the dividend tax rate, then the rate of return required by investors for equities was lower during the period the preferential rate was in effect than before or after the preferential rate existed.  Investors recognize the preferential tax rates available to them for long-term capital gains and qualifying dividends, and require a lower rate of return from assets-producing tax-preferred income.  This could inspire valuation experts to make a tax adjustment reducing untaxed Pass Through Entity (PTE) income to equate it with corporately taxed income that qualifies for tax preference at the shareholder level. 

Before making this tax adjustment, the valuation expert should consider the following:

1. If the Build-Up Method is used in the Income Approach, and Ibbotson data is used to arrive at the discount rate, the 80+ year return averages used were derived from a period where capital gains and dividends were predominantly not tax-preferred.  Non-preferred PTE earnings may be more comparable to the historic discount rate than the recently tax-preferred corporate earnings.
2. If a Transactional Data Method is used in the Market Approach, many of the comparable companies (depending on the size of the subject company) will also be PTEs.  Given that the investors acquiring those companies have factored the entity status into their decision, it would not be appropriate to convert PTE income to tax-preferred income when comparing to other PTEs.
3. Investors offset the benefit of tax-preferred dividends against the absence of a preferential long-term capital gains tax rate applied to C-corp assets. The degree of the offset is dependent upon: the tax circumstances of the investor, the probability of the investment being liquidated in an asset sale and the potential capital gains resulting from such a sale.

While it is clear that investors would prefer lower taxed C-corp dividend income to ordinarily taxed PTE income (all else being equal), perhaps valuation experts are adjusting the wrong income.  Instead of reducing PTE earnings to make them equivalent to C-corp earnings, then valuing the reduced earnings using historic equity returns (which are derived predominantly from non-tax-preferred periods), perhaps the PTE earnings should not be reduced at all.  Instead, when valuing a C-corp, the required rate of return by investors should be adjusted to factor in the relatively recent tax law preferring them. 

Making an adjustment to lower the required rate of return for C-corp earnings to reflect the temporary tax preference given them would effectively increase the value of those earnings to the investor.  This could be applied for the time period that the beneficial tax rate is expected to be present.  Making this adjustment would properly account for the potential decrease in value postulated by Professor Damodaran.

Brian Murray CPA/ABV, CVA specializes in business valuations and merger and acquisition consulting at Murray & Roberts CPA Firm SC in Appleton, WI.  He can be contacted at  bmurray@murrayrobertscpa.com.