Part IV of IV This article is the fourth (Read Part I, Part II, and Part III) and final part of a series related to the development of—and the reporting of—a bankruptcy-related appraisal of debtor company industrial or commercial property. This part considers (1) the valuation synthesis and conclusion process and (2) the reporting of the bankruptcy-related property appraisal. Introduction Property appraisals are a common element of most commercial bankruptcy proceedings. For purposes of this discussion, the term property includes real estate and real property, tangible personal property, and intangible personal property. This discussion is intended for valuation specialists (herein…
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With Examples From Asset Misappropriation to Financial Statement Fraud (Part II of II) This two-part article (Read Part I here) focuses on the two significant, but different, roles forensic accountants play in quantifying employee losses and how—in the normal course of the analysis—they may find instances of fraud that require further investigation. The authors first provide detailed guidance for forensic accountants in how to quantify employee losses and later offer insights into behavior that may indicate fraud stemming from such claims. They also explain the factors considered by carriers when hiring external accountants. The second part of the article features…
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Part III of IV This four-part article summarizes what valuation specialists in all property appraisal disciplines (herein called “appraisers”), company managements, and their legal counsel need to know about property appraisals prepared within a bankruptcy environment. For purposes of this discussion, the term property includes real estate and real property, tangible personal property, and intangible personal property. Part one of this article discussed the reasons to conduct the bankruptcy-related property appraisal. Part two of this article discussed (1) the elements of the property appraisal assignment and (2) the appraiser’s due diligence considerations. This third part summarizes the generally accepted bankruptcy-related…
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With Examples From Asset Misappropriation to Financial Statement Fraud (Part I of II) This two-part article focuses on the two significant, but different, roles forensic accountants play in quantifying employee losses and how—in the normal course of the analysis—they may find instances of fraud that require further investigation. The authors first provide detailed guidance for forensic accountants in how to quantify employee losses and later offer insights into behavior that may indicate fraud stemming from such claims. They also explain the factors considered by carriers when hiring external accountants. The second part of the article features two cases studies involving…
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Part II of IV This article is part two (read Part I here) of a four-part series related to the bankruptcy-related appraisal of industrial and commercial company real estate and real property, tangible personal property, and intangible personal property. Part one of the series considered all of the reasons why a valuation specialist in any appraisal discipline (herein called an “appraiser”) may be retained to value the debtor company property within a bankruptcy context. This article considers what the appraiser, the client, and the client’s legal counsel need to know about the bankruptcy appraisal assignment and process. Introduction This article…
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Tax Saving Tips for Small Business Owners This article discusses the recently issued Rev. Proc. 2022-32. The revenue procedure also serves to remind every estate planner that the days of the high lifetime exemption will soon be ending starting in 2025, if not sooner with all the uncertainties in Congress and the economy. The author discusses the merits of gift-giving in light of the potential changes. On July 8, 2022, the IRS released a revenue procedure that can be seen as a wake-up call about a tax-saving opportunity that may be overlooked by estates and their fiduciaries. Rev. Proc. 2022-32…
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Third Quarter 2022 2021 was a significant year for business owners who chose to exit via a sale of their privately held businesses. The government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic pumped billions of dollars into the economy, helping to drive a robust mergers and acquisitions market led by aging baby boomers preparing to retire and concerned about the prospect that the Biden administration was potentially eliminating the favorable capital gains tax. This article is written to provide an exit planning market update following this historic M&A cycle against some economic headwinds and challenges in today’s market. The article focuses on…
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Part I of IV This is the first article of a four-part series. This initial article summarizes the generally accepted property appraisal approaches and methods that appraisers typically consider in a bankruptcy-related assignment. This discussion also describes the property appraisal synthesis and conclusion process. Due to the litigious nature of a bankruptcy proceeding, bankruptcy-related property appraisals are often subject to a rigorous contrarian review. Therefore, this discussion summarizes what the parties-in-interest (and their legal counsel) and the appraiser should know about an effective (i.e., persuasive) bankruptcy-related property appraisal report. Introduction After adjusting to the initial pandemic-related disequilibrium, many industry segments…
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An Outline for Making Awards Useful and Final (Part III of III) Appraisal is a frequently used and often maligned method to adjudicate disputes in the property insurance world. Typically, appraisal is used for the purposes of evaluation only and will not bring finality to a claim in which coverage, or, in certain jurisdictions, causation is also being disputed. Although the perceived advantages of appraisal versus litigation are that it is considered fast, inexpensive, and relatively final, the appraisal process is often criticized because of unpredictable awards that are not helpful in settling a disputed claim and, in some cases,…
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Why isn’t that client opting for the higher level of service? Why hasn’t that prospect accepted my proposal? Why can’t these people see the value in what I do? Can’t they see I’m an investment, not a cost? Oh, sorry—I’m not talking about your clients and prospects. I’m speaking for your current and potential vendors, i.e., that means you, but from someone else’s perspective. In this article, the author proposes that we reflect on why prospects shop for services and recognize that, perhaps, we are not offering them what they need and that we too do the same. Why isn’t…
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Conclusory Conclusions and Opinionated Opinions Tests of Time The current valuation environment tends to be more about supporting the conclusion of value based upon the chosen approach and methodology with consideration of all three approach to business valuation far too often involving little more than the analyst placing a wet finger in the air and saying “ah yes, a discounted cash flow.” This eleventh article of the Unimpeachable Neutrality series discusses the need for abductive inferences when valuing a business and delineates conclusory conclusions, opinionated opinions, and concluded opinions of value. I have a business that I would like to…
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An Outline for Making Awards Useful and Final (Part II of III) Appraisal is a frequently used and often maligned method to adjudicate disputes in the property insurance world. Typically, appraisal is used for the purposes of evaluation only and will not bring finality to a claim in which coverage, or, in certain jurisdictions, causation is also being disputed. Although the perceived advantages of appraisal versus litigation are that it is considered fast, inexpensive, and relatively final, the appraisal process is often criticized because of unpredictable awards that are not helpful in settling a disputed claim and, in some cases,…
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A Review of the Basics for Lost Profits (Part II) In this second part of our series reviewing the basics for lost profits, we will contrast the differences between valuing a lost business and calculating an ongoing business’s lost profits. Because many experts calculating lost profits also provide business valuations, both in and out of litigation, it is good to be reminded of the similarities and differences between these two approaches when assessing commercial damages. In this article, we review five key categories that separate the approaches for calculating lost profits from valuing a lost business. It also is a…
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Guidelines for Resolving Disputes in First Party Property Insurance Claims (Part I of III) Appraisal is a frequently used and often maligned method to adjudicate disputes in the property insurance world. Typically, appraisal is used for the purposes of evaluation only and will not bring finality to a claim in which coverage, or, in certain jurisdictions, causation is also being disputed. Although the perceived advantages of appraisal versus litigation are that it is considered fast, inexpensive, and relatively final, the appraisal process is often criticized because of unpredictable awards that are not helpful in settling a disputed claim and, in…
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A Review of the Basics for Lost Profits (Part I) Those who have worked in the forensic field for many years begin to take for granted how we approach and handle certain situations. We have a level of knowledge and experience that lets us move forward without much research. But, with this level of experience and understanding comes a level of forgetfulness. Not that we forget how to perform the analysis, but we forget why we need to perform an analysis a certain way. I believe it is good from time to time to stop and ask, “Why do we…
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September 2022 This article summarizes Agnelli v. Lennox Miami Corp., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125346, 2022 WL 2788875 (S.D.Fl. July 14, 2022). This state of Florida case shows that nepotism does not always work out so well. The case involves misappropriation of corporate money, fair value valuations, the use of discounts for lack of control and marketability, and statutory interpretation. As Garry Marshall famously said, “When in doubt, you bring in relatives. Nepotism is a part of my work.” Agnelli v. Lennox Miami Corp., 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 125346, 2022 WL 2788875 (S.D.Fl. July 14, 2022) shows that nepotism does…
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Targeting Construction and Real Estate Industries It has become commonplace in the real estate and construction industry to make electronic, digital, and wired payments, especially with the very large sums that are often transferred. With paper checks disappearing, cybercriminals are now targeting these industries—victimizing both payors and payees—and causing significant financial tension and reputational harm. As evidenced by a recent FBI bulletin specifically warning the construction industry, fraudsters have become increasingly sophisticated, hacking into e-mail servers, posing as escrow agents or company employees, intercepting wire transfers before the payee or payor even realize it. The author discusses the schemes that…
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From week to week, we need to work on making our practices better and more effective. It can be hard. It takes a commitment of time and effort, energy, and thought. But what IS easy is making small improvements from week to week that, over the course of say, a month, make a dramatic difference in the efficiency or effectiveness of our practice processes and procedures—by identifying and getting rid of drag and waste. So here are 18 ideas that can help. Got any engineering-type friends? If you do, you know they are all about substance over form. Performance over…
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Behavioral Underpinnings of Greed In this article, the authors discuss the unprecedented growth of cryptocurrency and the accompanying risks and fraud. They ask, Why does a person choose the characteristics of cryptocurrency to be not only a secure medium of exchange, but also one with upward price potential? The recent price drop in the spring of 2022 shows the magnitude of loss of value Bitcoin has suffered in a very short period. Is there an element of gambling that seeps into the mindset of the crypto investor? Or could it be that the primary allure is the relative anonymity of…
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Calculating Lost Revenue Lost profit damages are calculated when a plaintiff’s business alleges that the defendant’s actions impaired its operations in some manner. Determining lost revenues is a critical component in calculating lost profits. Lost profits are based primarily on lost revenues net of the cost associated with generating the lost revenues (saved and/or extra operating expenses can be additional components to lost profits). This article will discuss some of the most common methods used to calculate lost revenues and the importance of facts and data supporting such calculations. Introduction Lost profit damages are calculated when a plaintiff’s business alleges…