In Anticipation of Going to Market Valuations performed for mergers and acquisitions are different than most of the traditional valuation work. The author of this article shares the standard of value used in these engagements, the due diligence conducted, and merits of preparing a calculation report in anticipation of going to market. Valuations performed for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are different than most of the traditional valuation work we handle on a day-to-day basis. One of the biggest differences is the standard of value used. Typically, the valuation professional will use investment value rather than fair market value. NACVA’s definition…
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For International Arbitration Proceedings This article highlights key valuation issues that are debated during arbitrations, which we have faced on numerous occasions. Some of the most important ones that come up during the quantification of economic damages in international arbitration are biases in financial projections, questions about discount rate, and some secondary concerns. Introduction Economic damages are seen as the Holy Grail of any international arbitration. The amount of compensation for financial losses is the ultimate goal of the claimant, who seeks to be compensated for the damage suffered, but that amount is also the main concern for the respondent,…
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Fresh Opportunities and Risks to Consider When Modeling From accelerated expensing to revamped Qualified Small Business Stock rules, the OBBBA has shifted both the numerator (cash flows) and the denominator (risk and discount rates) of the valuation equation. The result is a more dynamic environment—one with fresh opportunities, but also new pitfalls. With the passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), valuation professionals and business owners alike find themselves working under a new spotlight. The law, signed on July 4, 2025, reshapes the tax landscape in ways that directly alter the assumptions embedded in business valuations. From accelerated…
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Understanding Wine Businesses This article is designed as a primer for valuation professionals, giving you the foundational knowledge of wine industry terms and business structures you need to navigate this highly specialized field. By building this knowledge, you will be better prepared to ask the right questions, interpret key details, and deliver valuations that truly reflect the complexities and risks behind a wine business. Have you ever stood in the wine aisle staring at a label and thought, “I have no idea what any of this means”? What exactly does Gran Reserva mean? What is a blended wine? Why do…
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Addressing the Value and Professional Standards Issues in the Engagement Resolving a shareholder dispute often requires determining the value of a shareholder’s interest in the business. This article provides a framework for the business valuation expert to discuss this issue with attorneys and clients. Headings organize the questions and issues. Resolving a shareholder dispute often requires determining the value of a shareholder’s interest in the business. This article provides a framework for the business valuation expert to discuss this issue with attorneys and clients. Headings organize the questions and issues. Is the Juice Worth the Squeeze? This is the main…
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Valuation Implications The U.S. government is the largest payor of medical costs, through Medicare and Medicaid, and consequently has a strong influence on reimbursement to healthcare providers. The 2025 proposed fee changes are significant. This article focuses on the proposed fee changes and how these changes may affect valuations of healthcare practices. The U.S. government is the largest payor of medical costs, through Medicare and Medicaid, and consequently has a strong influence on reimbursement to healthcare providers. The prevalence of these public payors in the healthcare marketplace often results in their acting as a price setter and being used as…
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Memoirs of a CPA on Getting Started in the Valuation and Forensics Fields Edward Mendlowitz considers himself the last of the “expert generalists”. He published Memoirs of a CPA wherein he relates his story and the lessons learned. Over the years, the author has witnessed the trend towards specialization and proliferation of professional credentials. Mr. Mendlowitz started moonlighting almost immediately after graduating college in 1963 and had enough business to start his own practice in 1969. In this article, he shares tips for newly minted professionals. I consider myself the last of the “expert generalists” and published my Memoirs of…
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How AI is Transforming the Industry Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a paradigm shift in the realm of computational capabilities, transcending traditional boundaries of machine functionality to emulate human-like intelligence. AI has made remarkable advances in recent years due to the availability of massive amounts of data, powerful computing resources, and innovations in methods and architectures. This article will explore the role and impact of AI in valuation and forensic accounting, addressing the challenges and issues with AI, and ensuring quality control in using AI. Introduction to AI in Business Valuation and Forensic Accounting Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a paradigm shift…
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The Tax Court Says Certified A recent Tax Court opinion brought to light the importance of having an appraiser designation from a professional appraiser organization. While the decision is limited to Tax Court cases, it provides a cautionary tale for all who provide business appraisals in litigious situations. A recent Tax Court opinion brought to light the importance of having an appraiser designation from a professional appraiser organization.[1] While the decision is limited to Tax Court cases, it provides a cautionary tale for all who provide business appraisals in litigious situations. The case involved a charitable contribution of shares in…
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Conclusory Conclusions and Opinionated Opinions Tests of Time The current valuation environment tends to be more about supporting the conclusion of value based upon the chosen approach and methodology with consideration of all three approach to business valuation far too often involving little more than the analyst placing a wet finger in the air and saying “ah yes, a discounted cash flow.” This eleventh article of the Unimpeachable Neutrality series discusses the need for abductive inferences when valuing a business and delineates conclusory conclusions, opinionated opinions, and concluded opinions of value. I have a business that I would like to…
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How to Avoid Them! A 409A valuation refers to a method of determining the value of a company’s common stock. In other words, the 409A valuation is a method of calculating fair market value (FMV) according to the regulations under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). This valuation can be carried out using various types of valuation methodologies, however, it is important to avoid pitfalls in 409A valuation when carrying out the valuation to obtain a more accurate result. In this article, we will discuss some of the most common mistakes that can be made when carrying out a 409A valuation,…
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Citation Omitted What makes the world of expert witness services so daunting at times is the fact that so much goes unsaid, untaught, or undefined. For example, the most recent international glossary used by valuation and appraisal professionals across the globe does not define what a conclusion or opinion is. Since saying the silent part out loud seems to be the popular thing to do, this tenth article of the Unimpeachable Neutrality series will attempt to cover the most pertinent unspoken rules of being a financial expert that you might not find issued, published, promulgated, or cited as authoritative. As…
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When Guideline Companies are Not Very Good? When given a choice, do you prefer to minimize errors of commission or omission? The answer will likely influence your view as to whether the market approach should be used when valuing a company with guideline companies that are not very good. Someone who seeks to minimize errors of commission will likely exclude the market approach due to the difficulties in executing the analysis. Conversely, someone who seeks to minimize errors of omission will likely include the market approach due to the insight it can provide as a ‘sanity check’ to the other…
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The Art of Business Valuation: Accurately Valuing a Small Business This is a book review of The Art of Busines Valuation: Accurately Valuing a Small Business. This book is a guide and desk reference for valuing businesses under $10 million in revenues. The primary question answered in the book is: How do we as business valuators, business brokers, accountants, lawyers, owners, and other interested parties prepare, review, evaluate, or use an accurate business valuation for small and very small businesses in a difficult environment? A business valuation is not just a matter of applying techniques, it has to make sense.…
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Valuation Considerations When PPP Has Been Used The Payroll Protection Program (PPP) is a program established in 2020 by the U.S. Congress entitled the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act known as the CARES ACT. This Act, which was in response to the President’s closing of the economy on March 13, 2020, was enacted to assist certain businesses, self-employed, sole proprietors, certain nonprofit organizations, and American Tribal businesses in continuing to pay their employees. In this article, the author addresses how a PPP loan should be treated when the entity is the subject of a valuation. A Little History…
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Finance & Accounting for Lawyers, Second Edition, by Brian Peter Brining, JD, CPA BVR has just released Finance & Accounting for Lawyers, Second Edition, by Brian Peter Brining, JD, CPA. The purpose of this edition is to provide the reader, lawyers particularly, with a technical overview of accounting principles and methods so the knowledge can be applied in the practice of law. In the finance and valuation sections of the textbook, the reader is introduced to the principles of finance and valuation that underlie monetary transactions that are the subject of contracts, tax matters, disputes, and litigation. The textbook proceeds…
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The Bankruptcy Court Weighs-in In Re: Body Transit, Inc. The Bankruptcy Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania In re: Body Transit, Inc. addressed how COVID-19 impacts valuations. On August 7, 2020, the Court heard and decided the case. This case proceeded under the Small Business Reorganization Act (SBRA) whereby the debtor’s objection to a creditor’s election to have its claim treated as fully secured under 11 U.S.C.S § 1111 (b) was sustained, and the claim was bifurcated into both secured and unsecured components to be treated according to the reorganization plan. The question of how to value a fitness…
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An Opportunity for Gift and Estate Planning at Low Valuations The disruption brought about by COVID-19 created certain industry “winners” and “losers.” Many of those that emerged as losers are small and medium-sized privately held businesses such as restaurants, bakeries, gyms, hair salons and spas, and the corresponding real estate holding entities that leased to such businesses, held retail and office space, and even apartment buildings. At this point, the most frequent question asked by business owners is: “Should I reopen my business or not?” While being on the losing side, it may be a good time for business owners…
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For When a Client Wants to Buy a Business The authors in this article share a checklist developed and provided to firm clients contemplating buying a business. The following are key steps involved when a client wants to buy a business. Buyers and their advisors can use this list as a timeline and road map of the steps that are expected to occur, and what they should plan on doing. A companion posting for clients that want to sell a business can be found at: https://quickreadbuzz.com/2020/06/17/business-valuation-ed-mendlowitz-task-list/ The buyer needs to make sure the seller wants to sell. The seller saying…
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In a SPAC Merger Transaction The fair value of equity consideration issued in a merger involving a public company is generally calculated as the product of the quoted price for the individual equity instrument times the quantity issued (commonly referred to a “P times Q”). However, if the merger involves a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), determining “P” can be subjective and may result in different interpretations of U.S. GAAP fair value between the valuation specialist and the parties involved in the deal. Introduction The fair value of equity consideration issued in a merger involving a public company is generally…