Challenges and Key Takeaways The recent case of The Trade Group, Inc. v. BTC Media, LLC highlights the impact that experts have on judicial outcomes. The litigation revolved around a financial dispute over the Bitcoin 2022 conference and allegations regarding overcharges and financial mismanagement. Through expert testimonies, the Court ultimately provided an opinion based on the crucial contributions of expert witnesses in high-stakes litigation. Expert testimony plays a pivotal role in unraveling complex economic disputes. It is often one of the essential elements in dispute resolution. Why is that? Expert testimony brings specialized knowledge, technical insights, evidence interpretation, and factfinder…
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Is There a Need to Broaden Regulation? Can humans achieve economic market efficiency without the “visible hand” or is the collateral damage of decisions an unfortunate reality in exchange for the freedom of unregulated markets. This article discusses the role of regulation in an unregulated market and potential shifts. How do you measure ability when the parameters are not clearly defined? As valuation analysts, we determine the cost of capital using inputs such as return on regulated public markets. Restrictions of public securities markets are often set in place through governmental bodies which impose arguable economic checks and balances. The…
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FRE 702—Challenging the Expert Witness: White Buffalo Environmental, Inc. v. Hungry Horse, LLC In modern litigation, expert witnesses have become nearly indispensable. As a result, motions to preclude those experts from testifying are almost inevitable. With the forthcoming amendment to Federal Rule of Evidence 702 clarifying both which party bears the burden of proof on challenging expert testimony and the court’s obligations as gatekeeper, White Buffalo Environmental, Inc. v. Hungry Horse, LLC is a worthwhile reminder of what constitutes a valid basis to move to exclude a damages expert and, perhaps more to the point, what does not. This article…
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An Additional Consideration for Business Valuation and Forensic Accountants When Valuing a Company The Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), 740 Ill. Comp. Stat. 14/1 et seq., is not just for Google and Facebook. While the technology giants have been sued for allegedly violating BIPA, so too have countless other companies. In the last few years, plaintiffs have sued hundreds, if not thousands, of companies across a range of industries for alleged violations of BIPA. The author discusses BIPA, liability that companies are exposed to for violating BIPA, and questions valuation analysts and forensic accountants must ascertain a company’s exposure to…
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A Claim That is Not Just for Corporations Many taxpayers are familiar with the Internal Revenue Code Section 165 worthless stock deduction. Taxpayers often call on valuation analysts to analyze and document the worthlessness of the stock of a corporate subsidiary or of some other common stock equity interest. The Section 165 loss deduction also applies to the worthlessness of a partnership interest, limited liability membership interest, or similar equity interest. Many taxpayers may not be aware that the taxpayer does not need to abandon the worthless security interest to claim the loss deduction. This article summarizes the requirements applied…
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Consider the Tax Consequences of Stock Awards, Stock Option Awards, and Partnership Profits Interests This discussion summarizes what analysts need to know about the taxation issues and the security valuation issues related to private company equity incentive compensation programs. It focuses on both the taxation aspects and the valuation aspects of implementing an equity incentive compensation plan at a private company. This discussion is not intended to provide legal, accounting, or taxation advice. The scope of this discussion is limited to stock awards, stock options, and partnership profits interests. Introduction Valuation analysts (analysts) often work with private companies (and particularly…
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A Fair Payout or a Disaster Waiting to Happen In 2020 alone, approximately 7,300 companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Of those corporate debtors, 42 were found to have awarded pre-bankruptcy retention bonuses to a total of 223 executives, with the bonuses totaling approximately $165 million. These pre-bankruptcy bonuses were given to executives anywhere from five months to two days before the filing. Virtually none of the bonuses paid were approved by a court. Although these pre-bankruptcy bonuses seem like a minority among the 2020 Chapter 11 cases, they have been the topic of much recent discussion surrounding insolvent corporations.…
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Related to Property Contaminated by COVID-19? Insurance policies for business interruption generally require the interruption of business operations to be the result of a “direct physical loss of or direct physical damage to property.” The crucial issue that business owners will face when making a claim for the losses that they will undoubtedly incur will be whether COVID-19 can constitute a “direct physical loss” or “direct physical damage” to property. This article discusses the different theories plaintiffs can advance to make their claims. Not only has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the health of hundreds of thousands of people globally, but…
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Modern New Business Rule and How it Has Been Applied by the Courts Earlier this year, the author published two articles that appeared in QuickRead discussing calculating lost profits and defense responses for lost profits calculations in cases falling under the modern new business rule. The foundation for the article on defense strategies was an article published by Victor Goldberg. Following publication, the author was contacted by Mr. Goldberg, who recommended additional reading on this topic. That has led to this article. Under the new business rule, a new or unestablished business could not recover lost profits. This rule was…
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April 2019 In the first quarter of 2019, there were no reported U.S. Tax Court cases involving either business, estate, or FLP valuation issues. Notwithstanding the above, there were several cases that valuation and litigation support professionals will want to consider. In this article, five recent cases are discussed. One of the leading cases circulating amongst the business valuation community is Kress v. U.S., Case No. 16-C-795 (U.S.D.C. Eastern District of Wisconsin), it has received considerable attention, especially by business valuation professionals. The Veriton Partners Master Fund Ltd. v. Aruba Networks, Inc. (April 16, 2019), a Delaware Supreme Court case…
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February 2019—U.S. Tax Court on Valuation of Conservation Easements and Expert Testimony The U.S. Tax Court issued two valuation decisions in late December 2018 that may be of interest to QuickRead readers. The opinion is 116 pages long and delves into what is a qualified real property easement that qualifies for a charitable deduction, and the 36-page memorandum provides guidance regarding how the court weighs expert witness testimony in this area of easements. On December 27, 2018, the U.S. Tax Court issued two lengthy decisions: an opinion and memorandum decision that focus on what is a qualified real estate easement…
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of the Current Marijuana Business (Part II of II) In November of 2018 there are some 28 thousand marijuana/cannabis businesses in operation and employing about 150,000 people in the United States and they manage and control some nine billion dollars in essentially cash revenues. This industry continues to grow. In this second part, the author illustrates the importance of choice of entity, provides an overview of the taxation of a cannabis business, and provides readers a high-level breakdown of the patchwork of state laws.
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Conservation Easements, Attempts to Dissolve a NY LLC, and Valuation of Law Practice The U.S. Tax Court has issued a limited number of valuation cases this past summer. In this article, one U.S. Tax Court case presented is Harbor Loft Associates v. Commissioner. The case underscores that lessees cannot claim a charitable deduction for a conservation easement. The second case discussed is Matter of Goyal v. Vintage India NYC, LLC, which serves to reiterate the importance of executing an operating agreement and shows how difficult it is to unwind and dissolve an LLC in New York State and jurisdictions that…
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On Patent Damages and Apportionment In two recent cases, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit provided important guidance when applying apportionment principles to calculate reasonable royalty damages. See Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Systems, Inc., 879 F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Exmark Mfg. Co. v. Briggs & Stratton Power Products Group, LLC, 879 F.3d 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The Federal Circuit signaled greater flexibility when apportioning damages, which may permit using the royalty rate and not just the royalty base, to value a patented invention’s contribution to a larger, multicomponent product. The Circuit also reaffirmed, however, that…
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Underlying Policy Identified The pass-through entity, that legal entity structure that has given valuators consternation over the years, is back in the news thanks to the Tax Cut and Jobs Acts (TCJA) signed into law at the end of 2017. According to the Joint Commission on Taxation, business owners filed 35.3 million pass-through returns in 2015. Another 1.6 million returns were file by C corporations. The TCJA has essentially created a flat tax of 21% for corporations. There is a lot of buzz about “199A”, a new Internal Revenue Code section and deduction and the introduction of a new term,…
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Case Law Update February 2018 In this case law update, we review one U.S. Tax Court case that provides guidance regarding when is a bad debt business loss deductible and whether contributions of money to a business is equity or debt. In addition, we present several Delaware Court cases; one of them, a post-dissolution case where one NACVA member (and another inactive member) testified and the court addressed the S corporation tax affecting and availability of discounts for lack of marketability. The issues raised there are frequently raised in other dissolution actions and the reasoning provided by the court regarding…
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Unsecured Creditors: Risk and Cramdown Rates (Part II of II) This is the second of a two-part article, read Part I here. In October 2017, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals handed down its decision on cramdown interest rates in the matter In re: MPM Silicones, LLC. This decision has already stirred a great deal of discussion regarding cramdown interest rates to be paid secured creditors in Chapter 11 bankruptcy matters. Numerous articles have appeared on-line discussing the impact of this decision. These articles follow in a long line of literature on cramdown hearings and secured creditors. Conversely, little has…
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Unsecured Creditors: Risk and Cramdown Rates (Part I of II) This is the first of a two-part article. In October 2017, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals handed down its decision on cramdown interest rates in the matter In re: MPM Silicones, LLC. This decision has already stirred a great deal of discussion regarding cramdown interest rates to be paid secured creditors in Chapter 11 bankruptcy matters. Numerous articles have appeared on-line discussing the impact of this decision. These articles follow in a long line of literature on cramdown hearings and secured creditors. Conversely, little has been written about impaired…
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Case Law Four cases are presented in this article that provide valuation, litigation support professionals, and M&A advisors insight regarding how courts are addressing damages claims, challenges to experts, appraisal action challenges, and claims of fraud and breach of contract in connection with M&A transactions. Although the cases are from Delaware and California, they provide insight for readers to use in their practices.
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In October 2015, the SEC adopted final rules governing the crowdfunding of startups and Regulation Crowdfunding was issued in May 2016. The new rules allow non-accredited investors to invest directly in startup (and other) companies that can raise up to one million dollars every twelve months through crowdfunding. Now, a year after Regulation Crowdfunding came into effect, Samantha Albert, senior financial analyst with Mercer Capital, takes a look at the state of crowdfunding. To read the full article in Mercer Capital’s Financial Reporting Blog, click: Crowded Out? This article is republished from Mercer Capital’s Financial Reporting Blog. It is reprinted…